Acaricidal Activity of Azadaritcha indica L. (Meliaceae) Essential Oil against the Dermanyssus gallinae of Poultry: In Vitro
Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences,
Page 45-54
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae, red mite, has been considered one of the most serious problems to poultry industry worldwide. The acaricidal activity of the Azadaritcha indica essential oil against the red mites of poultry was investigated. The effect of A. indica essential oils was assessed by contact and fumigation bioassays in laboratory. Freshly collected adults red mites from poultry houses were exposed to the A. indica essential oils at concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 2% in Petri dishes/ vials in laboratory at 27 ᴼC and 60-70% relative humidity over a period of 24 hrs. Post treatment, the red mites were collected and counted to determine the mortality rates for each concentration in different interval periods. The result of contact and fumigation bioassays revealed that, the A. indica essential oil possesses significant (P<0.05) acaricidal activity at different concentrations against D.gallinae under laboratory conditions and cause significant (P<0.05) mortality rate of red mites compared to control group. The mortality rate of red mites researched the peak (100%) with concentration of 2% at 24 hrs post treatment. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that A. indica essential oil possesses acaricidal activity and could be used as potential alternative for controlling of D. gallinae in poultry farms.
Keywords:
- Acaricidal
- Azadaritcha indica
- Dermanyssus gallinae
- In vitro
- poultry
How to Cite
Al-Shaibani, I. R. M., Al-Sharhi, M. M., Al-Khadher, A. M. A., Awam, S. M., Salah, S. M., & Thwabah, S. F. (2021). Acaricidal Activity of Azadaritcha indica L. (Meliaceae) Essential Oil against the Dermanyssus gallinae of Poultry: In Vitro. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7(3), 45-54. Retrieved from https://journalajravs.com/index.php/AJRAVS/article/view/30140
References
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Nunn F, Bartle K, Palarea-Albaladej J, Innocent JT, Turnbull F, Wright HW, Nisbet AJ. Novel, high-welfare methodology for evaluating poultry red mite interventions in vivo. Veterinary Parasitology. 2019;267: 42–46.
Meyer KB, Heine J, Müller-Lindloff J, Pfister K. Epidemiology of Dermanyssus gallinae and acaricidal efficacy of phoxim 50% in alternative housing systems during the laying period of hens. Parasitology Research. 2007;101:S1–S12. DOI 10.1007/s00436-007-0605-9.
Guy JH, KhajaviI M, Halele MM, Sparagano O. Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) prevalence in laying units in Northern England. British Poultry Science. 2004;45:1.
Amosova LI, Stanyukovich MK. Ultrastructere of salivary glands of chicken red mite, Dermanayssus gallinae, (Acarina, Gamasina, ermanysidaei). Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2008;44(5):627- 633.
Nordenfors H, Hoglund J, Uggla A. Effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition, moulting and longevity of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 1999;36: 68–72.
Kaoud HA, El-Dahshan AR. Effect of red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation on the performance and immune profile in Vaccinated broiler breeder flocks. Journal of American Science. 2010;6(8):72-79.
Valiente C, Chauve C, Zenner L. Experimental infection of Salmonella enteritidis by the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;146:329 –336.
Arkle S, Guy J, Sparagano O. Antibody detection by Elisa in chicken infested with Dermanyssus gallinae. Epidémiol. et santé anim. 2015;48:15-19.
Cencek, T. Prevalence OF Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry farms in silesia region in Poland. Bulletin-Veterinary Institute in Pulawy. 2003;47:465-469.
Amede Y, Tilahun K, Bekele M. Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Haramaya University Intensive Poultry Farm. Global Veterinaria. 2011;7(3):264-269.
Yakhchali M, Rasouli S, Alborzi E. Prevalence and body distribution of the poultry red mite in layer farms from Markazi province of Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University. 2013;14(1):72-74.
Gharbi M, Sakly N, Darghouth MA. Prevalence of Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) in industrial poultry farms in North-East Tunisia. Parasite. 2013;20:41. DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013043.
Helga W, Nunes T, Mul MF, Gomes J, Bartley K. Survey on the prevalence of Dermanyssusgallinae in commercial laying farms in Portugal, Avian Pathology. 2019; 48:sup1:S2-S9. DOI: 10.1080/03079457..1606415.
Sparagano OAE, Jeffery HO. Parasitic mite fauna in Asian poultry farming systems. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:400. DOI: 10.3389/fvets. 2020.00400.
Sparagano O, Pavlićević A, Murano T, Camarda A, Sahibi H, Kilpinen O, Mul M, van Emous R, le Bouquin S, Hoel K, Cafiero MA. Prevalence and key figures for the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae infections in poultry farm systems. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 2009;48:3–10.
Moro CV, Thioulouse J, Chauve C, Zenner L. Diversity, geographic distribution, and habitat-specific variations of microbiota in natural populations of the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2011; 48(4):788-796. DOI: 10.1603/ME10113.
Chauve C. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778): current situation and future prospects for control. Veterinary Parasitology. 1998;79: 239-245.
Fiddes MD, Le Gresley S, Parson DG, Epe C, Coles GC, Stafford KA. Prevalence of the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) in England. Veterinary Record. 2005;157: 233–235.
Kim S, Yi J, Tak J, Ahn Y. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary Parasitology. 2004;120:297–304.
Marangi M, Cafiero MA, Capelli G, Camarda A, Sparagano OAE, Giangaspero A. Evaluation of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) susceptability to some acaricides in field populations from Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 2009;48:11-8. DOI: http://www.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10493-008-9224-0.
Dalton JP, Mulcahy G. Parasite vaccines – a reality? Veterinary Parasitololgy. 2001; 98:149–167.
Locher N, Al-Rasheid KAS, Abdel-Ghaffar F; Mehlhorn H. In vitro and field studies on the contact and fumigant toxicity of a neemproduct (Mite-Stop®) against the developmental stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Parasitology Research. 2010;107:417–423.
Tavassoi M, Allymehr M, Pourseyed SH, Ownag A, Bernousi I, Mardani K, Ghorbanzadegan, M; Shokrpoor, S. Field bioassay of Metarhizium anisopliae strains to control the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2011;178:374–378.
Khater HF. Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest management. Pharmacologia. 2012;3(12):641-656.
Ali AM, Seddiek SA, Nad MO, EL-Alfy SA. In Vitro efficacy of aqueous neem extract and deltamethrin against Sarcoptes scabiei var. Cuniculi and in vivo using experimentally infested rabbits. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2015;61:145.
Valenzuela AF. Drugs from Natural products. Plant source in drugs discovery, science and development. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2009;6:311- 318.
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. Agro-forestree database: A tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agro-forestry Centre, Kenya; 2009.
Hashmat I, Azad H, Ahmed A. Neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss)-A native drug store: An overview, International Research Journal of boil Science. 2012;1:76–79.
Agbo BE, Nta AI, Ajaba MO. A review on the use of neem (Azadirachta indica) as a biopesticide. Journal of Biopesticides and Environment. 2015;2:1-2.
Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R, Bond A. Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine -A move towards nature. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2007;4:97-104.
Olabinri BM, Adepoju EA, Zainab AA, Ahmed AA. Phytochemical profiling of phytoconstituents of grape, Jatropha curcas and Neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2014;6(2):17-23.
Lundh J, Wiktelius D, Chirico J. Azadirachtin-impregnated traps for the control of Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitololgy. 2005;130:337–342.
Abdel-Ghaffar F, Sobhy HM, Al-Quraishy S, Semmler M. Field study on the efficacy of an extract of neem seed (Mite -Stop®) Gainst the redmite Dermanyssus gallinae naturally infecting poultry in Egypt. Parasitology Research. 2009;103:481–485.
George DR, Smith TJ, Shiel R; Sparagano OAE, Guy JH. Mode of action and variability in efficacy of plant essential oils showing toxicity against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;161:276–282.
Magdaş C, Cernea M, Baciu H, Şuteu E. Acaricidal effect of eleven essential oils against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Scientia Parasitologica. 2010;11(2):71-75.
Thomas E, Zoller H, Liebisch G, Alves LFA, Vettorato L, Chiummo RM, Sigognault-Flochlay A. In vitro activity of fluralaner and commonly used acaricides against Dermanyssus gallinae isolates from Europe and Brazil. Parasites & Vectors. 2018;11:361.
Bahadori SHR, Farhadifar N; Mohammadyar L. Assessment of susceptibility of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) to Some Plant Preparations with Focus on Exposure Time. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2014;8:6.
Aziz MA, Ahmad M, Nasir MF, Naeem M. Efficacy of different neem (Azadirachta indica) products in comparison with imidacloprid against english grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) on wheat. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2013; 15:279‒284.
Okese AK. How to: Prepare super organic pesticides from neem seed kernel extracts. Accessable June 11, 2019, Available:https://nobowa.com//neem-seed-kernel-extracts.
Paramasivam M, Selvi C. Laboratory bioassay methods to assess the insecticide toxicity against insect pests-A review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017;5(3):1441-1445.
Chen Z, Mol WV, Vanhecke M, Duchateau L, Claerebout E. Acaricidal activity of plant derived essential oil components against Psoroptes ovis in vitro and in vivo. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:425. Available:doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3654.
Keïta A, Pagote PP, Baduel L, Heine J. Efficacy of phoxim 50 % E.C. (ByeMite) for treatment of Dermanyssus gallinae in laying hens under field conditions. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 2006;15(:12): 590-594
Abbas R, Colwell D, Iqbal Z, Khan A. Acaricidal drug resistance in poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) and approaches to its management. Worlds Poultry Sciences Journal. 2014;70:113–24.
Beugnet F, Chauve C, Gauthey M, Beert L. Resistance of the red poultry mite to pyrethroids in France. Veterinary Record. 1997;140:577–579.
Nechita IS, Poirel MT, Cozma V, Zenner L. The repellent and persistent toxic effects of essential oils against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2015;214(3):348-352. DOI:10.1016/j. vetpar.2015.10.014.
Srivastava SK, Agrawal B, Kumar A. Pandey A. Phytochemical of Azadirachta indica) source active medicinal constituents used for cure of vvaroius diseases: Review. Journal of Scientific Research. 2020;64(1):385-390.
Vercruysse J, Rehbein S, Holdsworth P, Letonja T, Peter R. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against (mange and itch) mites on ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006; 136: 55–66.
George DR, Finn RD, Graham KM, Sparagano OA. Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7:28.
Kim SI, Na YE, Yi JH, Kim BS, Ahn YJ. Contact and fumigation toxicity of oriental medicinal plant extracts against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;145:377–382.
Gorji SF, Gorji SF, Rajabloo M. The field efficacy of garlic extract against Dermanyssus gallinae in layer farms of Babol, Iran. Parasitology Research. 2014; 113:1209 –1213.
George DR, Guy JH, Arkle S, Harrington D, De Luna C, Okello EJ, Shiel RS, Port G, Sparagano O. A. Use of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary importance: A review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008;1149: 23–26.
Du YH, Jia RY, Yin ZQ, HuiPu Z, Chen J, Yang F, Zhang YQ, Lu Y. Acaricidal activity of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil against the larvae of the rabbit mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi in vitro. Veterinary Parasitology. 2008;157(1–2):144-148.
George DR, Shiel RS, Appleby WGC, Knox A, Guy JH. In vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity and residual toxicity of spinosad to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2010;173:307–316.
Rajabpour A, Mashhadi ARA, Ghorbani MA. Acaricidal and repellent properties of some plant extracts against poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae). Persian J. Acarol. 2018;7(1):85–91.
Ghavami S, Asas K, Razavi M. Effect of polar and non polar extract of Ferula assafoetida Dermanyssus gallinae in vivo and in vitro conditions. The Journal of World's Poultry Research. 2020;10(3): 429-435.
Chalchat JC, Ozcan MM, Dagdelen A, Akgul A. Variability of essential oil composition of Echinophora tenuifolia subsp. Sibthorpiana Tutin by harvest location and year and oil storage. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2007; 43:225–227. DOI: http://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-007-0087-0.
Abdel-Ghaffar F, Semmler M, Al-Rasheid K, Mehlhorn H. In vitro efficacy of ByeMite® and Mite-Stop® on developmental stages of the red chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinaei. Parasitology Research. 2009;105;1469–1471.
Sariosseiri A, Moshaverinia A; Khodaparast MHH, Kalidari GA. In vitro acaricidal effect of Melia azedarach ripe fruit extract against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Persian J. Acarol. 2018;7(2):203–208.
Pritchard J, Kuste T, Sparagano O, Tomley F. Understanding the biology and control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae: a review. Avian Pathology. 2015;44(3): 143–153. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2015.1030589
Nunn F, Bartle K, Palarea-Albaladej J, Innocent JT, Turnbull F, Wright HW, Nisbet AJ. Novel, high-welfare methodology for evaluating poultry red mite interventions in vivo. Veterinary Parasitology. 2019;267: 42–46.
Meyer KB, Heine J, Müller-Lindloff J, Pfister K. Epidemiology of Dermanyssus gallinae and acaricidal efficacy of phoxim 50% in alternative housing systems during the laying period of hens. Parasitology Research. 2007;101:S1–S12. DOI 10.1007/s00436-007-0605-9.
Guy JH, KhajaviI M, Halele MM, Sparagano O. Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) prevalence in laying units in Northern England. British Poultry Science. 2004;45:1.
Amosova LI, Stanyukovich MK. Ultrastructere of salivary glands of chicken red mite, Dermanayssus gallinae, (Acarina, Gamasina, ermanysidaei). Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2008;44(5):627- 633.
Nordenfors H, Hoglund J, Uggla A. Effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition, moulting and longevity of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 1999;36: 68–72.
Kaoud HA, El-Dahshan AR. Effect of red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation on the performance and immune profile in Vaccinated broiler breeder flocks. Journal of American Science. 2010;6(8):72-79.
Valiente C, Chauve C, Zenner L. Experimental infection of Salmonella enteritidis by the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;146:329 –336.
Arkle S, Guy J, Sparagano O. Antibody detection by Elisa in chicken infested with Dermanyssus gallinae. Epidémiol. et santé anim. 2015;48:15-19.
Cencek, T. Prevalence OF Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry farms in silesia region in Poland. Bulletin-Veterinary Institute in Pulawy. 2003;47:465-469.
Amede Y, Tilahun K, Bekele M. Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Haramaya University Intensive Poultry Farm. Global Veterinaria. 2011;7(3):264-269.
Yakhchali M, Rasouli S, Alborzi E. Prevalence and body distribution of the poultry red mite in layer farms from Markazi province of Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University. 2013;14(1):72-74.
Gharbi M, Sakly N, Darghouth MA. Prevalence of Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) in industrial poultry farms in North-East Tunisia. Parasite. 2013;20:41. DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013043.
Helga W, Nunes T, Mul MF, Gomes J, Bartley K. Survey on the prevalence of Dermanyssusgallinae in commercial laying farms in Portugal, Avian Pathology. 2019; 48:sup1:S2-S9. DOI: 10.1080/03079457..1606415.
Sparagano OAE, Jeffery HO. Parasitic mite fauna in Asian poultry farming systems. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:400. DOI: 10.3389/fvets. 2020.00400.
Sparagano O, Pavlićević A, Murano T, Camarda A, Sahibi H, Kilpinen O, Mul M, van Emous R, le Bouquin S, Hoel K, Cafiero MA. Prevalence and key figures for the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae infections in poultry farm systems. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 2009;48:3–10.
Moro CV, Thioulouse J, Chauve C, Zenner L. Diversity, geographic distribution, and habitat-specific variations of microbiota in natural populations of the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2011; 48(4):788-796. DOI: 10.1603/ME10113.
Chauve C. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778): current situation and future prospects for control. Veterinary Parasitology. 1998;79: 239-245.
Fiddes MD, Le Gresley S, Parson DG, Epe C, Coles GC, Stafford KA. Prevalence of the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) in England. Veterinary Record. 2005;157: 233–235.
Kim S, Yi J, Tak J, Ahn Y. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary Parasitology. 2004;120:297–304.
Marangi M, Cafiero MA, Capelli G, Camarda A, Sparagano OAE, Giangaspero A. Evaluation of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) susceptability to some acaricides in field populations from Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 2009;48:11-8. DOI: http://www.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10493-008-9224-0.
Dalton JP, Mulcahy G. Parasite vaccines – a reality? Veterinary Parasitololgy. 2001; 98:149–167.
Locher N, Al-Rasheid KAS, Abdel-Ghaffar F; Mehlhorn H. In vitro and field studies on the contact and fumigant toxicity of a neemproduct (Mite-Stop®) against the developmental stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Parasitology Research. 2010;107:417–423.
Tavassoi M, Allymehr M, Pourseyed SH, Ownag A, Bernousi I, Mardani K, Ghorbanzadegan, M; Shokrpoor, S. Field bioassay of Metarhizium anisopliae strains to control the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2011;178:374–378.
Khater HF. Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest management. Pharmacologia. 2012;3(12):641-656.
Ali AM, Seddiek SA, Nad MO, EL-Alfy SA. In Vitro efficacy of aqueous neem extract and deltamethrin against Sarcoptes scabiei var. Cuniculi and in vivo using experimentally infested rabbits. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2015;61:145.
Valenzuela AF. Drugs from Natural products. Plant source in drugs discovery, science and development. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2009;6:311- 318.
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. Agro-forestree database: A tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agro-forestry Centre, Kenya; 2009.
Hashmat I, Azad H, Ahmed A. Neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss)-A native drug store: An overview, International Research Journal of boil Science. 2012;1:76–79.
Agbo BE, Nta AI, Ajaba MO. A review on the use of neem (Azadirachta indica) as a biopesticide. Journal of Biopesticides and Environment. 2015;2:1-2.
Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R, Bond A. Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine -A move towards nature. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2007;4:97-104.
Olabinri BM, Adepoju EA, Zainab AA, Ahmed AA. Phytochemical profiling of phytoconstituents of grape, Jatropha curcas and Neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2014;6(2):17-23.
Lundh J, Wiktelius D, Chirico J. Azadirachtin-impregnated traps for the control of Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitololgy. 2005;130:337–342.
Abdel-Ghaffar F, Sobhy HM, Al-Quraishy S, Semmler M. Field study on the efficacy of an extract of neem seed (Mite -Stop®) Gainst the redmite Dermanyssus gallinae naturally infecting poultry in Egypt. Parasitology Research. 2009;103:481–485.
George DR, Smith TJ, Shiel R; Sparagano OAE, Guy JH. Mode of action and variability in efficacy of plant essential oils showing toxicity against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;161:276–282.
Magdaş C, Cernea M, Baciu H, Şuteu E. Acaricidal effect of eleven essential oils against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Scientia Parasitologica. 2010;11(2):71-75.
Thomas E, Zoller H, Liebisch G, Alves LFA, Vettorato L, Chiummo RM, Sigognault-Flochlay A. In vitro activity of fluralaner and commonly used acaricides against Dermanyssus gallinae isolates from Europe and Brazil. Parasites & Vectors. 2018;11:361.
Bahadori SHR, Farhadifar N; Mohammadyar L. Assessment of susceptibility of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) to Some Plant Preparations with Focus on Exposure Time. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2014;8:6.
Aziz MA, Ahmad M, Nasir MF, Naeem M. Efficacy of different neem (Azadirachta indica) products in comparison with imidacloprid against english grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) on wheat. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2013; 15:279‒284.
Okese AK. How to: Prepare super organic pesticides from neem seed kernel extracts. Accessable June 11, 2019, Available:https://nobowa.com//neem-seed-kernel-extracts.
Paramasivam M, Selvi C. Laboratory bioassay methods to assess the insecticide toxicity against insect pests-A review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017;5(3):1441-1445.
Chen Z, Mol WV, Vanhecke M, Duchateau L, Claerebout E. Acaricidal activity of plant derived essential oil components against Psoroptes ovis in vitro and in vivo. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:425. Available:doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3654.
Keïta A, Pagote PP, Baduel L, Heine J. Efficacy of phoxim 50 % E.C. (ByeMite) for treatment of Dermanyssus gallinae in laying hens under field conditions. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 2006;15(:12): 590-594
Abbas R, Colwell D, Iqbal Z, Khan A. Acaricidal drug resistance in poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) and approaches to its management. Worlds Poultry Sciences Journal. 2014;70:113–24.
Beugnet F, Chauve C, Gauthey M, Beert L. Resistance of the red poultry mite to pyrethroids in France. Veterinary Record. 1997;140:577–579.
Nechita IS, Poirel MT, Cozma V, Zenner L. The repellent and persistent toxic effects of essential oils against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2015;214(3):348-352. DOI:10.1016/j. vetpar.2015.10.014.
Srivastava SK, Agrawal B, Kumar A. Pandey A. Phytochemical of Azadirachta indica) source active medicinal constituents used for cure of vvaroius diseases: Review. Journal of Scientific Research. 2020;64(1):385-390.
Vercruysse J, Rehbein S, Holdsworth P, Letonja T, Peter R. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against (mange and itch) mites on ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006; 136: 55–66.
George DR, Finn RD, Graham KM, Sparagano OA. Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7:28.
Kim SI, Na YE, Yi JH, Kim BS, Ahn YJ. Contact and fumigation toxicity of oriental medicinal plant extracts against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;145:377–382.
Gorji SF, Gorji SF, Rajabloo M. The field efficacy of garlic extract against Dermanyssus gallinae in layer farms of Babol, Iran. Parasitology Research. 2014; 113:1209 –1213.
George DR, Guy JH, Arkle S, Harrington D, De Luna C, Okello EJ, Shiel RS, Port G, Sparagano O. A. Use of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary importance: A review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008;1149: 23–26.
Du YH, Jia RY, Yin ZQ, HuiPu Z, Chen J, Yang F, Zhang YQ, Lu Y. Acaricidal activity of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil against the larvae of the rabbit mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi in vitro. Veterinary Parasitology. 2008;157(1–2):144-148.
George DR, Shiel RS, Appleby WGC, Knox A, Guy JH. In vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity and residual toxicity of spinosad to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Veterinary Parasitology. 2010;173:307–316.
Rajabpour A, Mashhadi ARA, Ghorbani MA. Acaricidal and repellent properties of some plant extracts against poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae). Persian J. Acarol. 2018;7(1):85–91.
Ghavami S, Asas K, Razavi M. Effect of polar and non polar extract of Ferula assafoetida Dermanyssus gallinae in vivo and in vitro conditions. The Journal of World's Poultry Research. 2020;10(3): 429-435.
Chalchat JC, Ozcan MM, Dagdelen A, Akgul A. Variability of essential oil composition of Echinophora tenuifolia subsp. Sibthorpiana Tutin by harvest location and year and oil storage. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2007; 43:225–227. DOI: http://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-007-0087-0.
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