Influence of Diaminazene Aceturate (Berenil®) on the Haematology of Yankasa Sheep Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi
Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences,
Page 380-393
Abstract
Haematological profiles were determined in Yankasa sheep experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and treated with diaminazene aceturate (berenil®). A total of 30 animals were divided into 6 groups (A to F) (n=5). Animals from each group were either uninfected or infected with T. evansi, and treated with Berenil®. Infection of the infected groups (A, C and E) was done via intravenous inoculation of T. evansi, while the infected group C and E were treated with berenil® at 3.5 and 7 mg/kg BW, respectively, by day 16 post infection (PI). The infected groups had pre-patent period of 8 days, with similar levels of parasitaemia (4.7 ± 0.27). In group A, the mean parasite count rose significantly (P < 0.05) to 72.8 ± 1.07 by day 12 PI and continue to a peak value of 250.6 ± 1.98 by day 28 PI. In group C and E, the initial parasitaemia rose significantly (P < 0.05) to 80.8 ± 1.12 and 78.2 ± 1.11 by day 12 PI, following treatment with 3.5 and 7.0 mg/kg BW of berenil®, by day 20 PI, respectively, and was completely eliminated by day 9 and 5 post treatment (PT), respectively. As parasitaemia increased, PCV, RBC, Hb, WBC, platelets count, absolute lymphocytes and monocytes, significantly declined (P<0.05) in group A, leading to anaemia at day 16 PT. It is therefore, demonstrated that both the two doses of berenil® were effective in the treatment of the disease under experimental conditions but 7.0 mg/kg cleared the parasitaemia faster.
Keywords:
- Diaminazene aceturate
- Experimental
- Haematology
- Trypanosoma evansi
- Yankasa breed of sheep
How to Cite
Bello, A. M., Abdulsalam, H., Dauda, J., Mbaya, A. W., & Mani, A. U. (2023). Influence of Diaminazene Aceturate (Berenil®) on the Haematology of Yankasa Sheep Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4), 380-393. Retrieved from https://journalajravs.com/index.php/AJRAVS/article/view/264
References
Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: A review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BioMedicine Research International. 2013;22:194176.
Chandu AGS, Sengupta PP, Jacob SS, Suresh KP, Borthakur SK, Patra G, Roy P. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in cattle and analysis of associated climatic risk factors in Mizoram. Indian Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2021;45(1): 244–251.
Fesseha H, Eshetu E, Mathewos M, Tilante T. Study on bovine trypanosomiasis and associated risk factors in Benatsemay District, Southern Ethiopia. Environmental Health Insights. 2022;16:1–10.
Kyari F, Mbaya AW, Biu AA, Adamu L, Dennis OO. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using CATT/T. evansi technique in Borno and Yobe states, Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiology and Control. 2021;13.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00209
Ngulde SI, Tijjani MB, Ihopo JM, Yauba AM. Antitrypanosomal potency of methanol extract of Cassia arereh delile root back in albino rats. International Journal of Drug Research and Technology. 2013;3:1-7.
Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BioMedicine Research International. 2013;22: 194176.
Office International des Epizootic (OIE). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals; 2004; 5th Edition, chapter 2.3.11.
Office International des Epizootic (OIE). World Animal Health Organization: OIE-Listed diseases, infections and infestations in force in 2016. Paris, France.
Available:http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/oie-listed-diseases-2016.
World Health Organisation (WHO). Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. 1998; Geneva, Technical Report Series No.881; 1998.
Osman AS, Jennings FW, Holmes PH. The rapid development of drug resistance by Trypanosoma evansi in immunosuppressed mice. Acta Tropical, 1992;50(3): 249-257.
Desquesne M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis. Parasites and Vectors. 2022; 15(64): 1-24.
Homeida AM, Elamin EA, Adam SEI, Mahmoud MM. Toxicity of diaminazene aceturate (Berenil) to camels. Journal Comparative Pathology. 1981;91:355-360.
Tuntasuvan D, Trongwanichnam K, Sukruen A, Borisutsuvan S, Mohkaew K, Chompoochan T. Efficacy of diaminazene aceturate on the treatment of trypanosomosis in pigs. Journal of the Thai Veterinary Medicine Association. 2003;54 (1-2):49–55.
Dia ML, Desquesnes ML. Trypanosomoses: utilisation rationnelle des trypanocides. Fiche technique, Santé animale, CIRDES, BP454 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. 2004;3:1–8.
Herbart WJ, Lumsden WHR. Trypanosoma brucei: A rapid matching method for estimating the host’s parasitaemia. Journal of Experimental Parasitology. 1976;40: 427-432.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Effects of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection on pregnancy in Yankasa ewes. Science direct: Theriogenology. 2016;85:862–869.
Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis. Parasites and Vectors. 2022;15(64): 1-24.
Herbart WJ, Lumsden WHR. Trypanosoma brucei: A rapid matching method for estimating the host’s parasitaemia. Journal of Experimental Parasitology. 1976; 40:427-432.
Coles EH. Veterinary clinical pathology. 2nd ed. W.B. Sauders Co. 1986;110-111.
Brown BA. Haematology principles and procedures. 1986; 2nd. Ed. Lea and Febiber. Philadelphia; 1976;56- 81.
Coles EH. Veterinary clinical pathology. 2nd ed. W.B. Sauders Co. 1986;110-111.
Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Law price edition Cambridge University Press. 2000;8:314-335.
Graph Pad Instat. Graph Pad Instat® version 3:10, bit for windows, Graph Pad; 2009.
Audu PA, Esievo KAN, Mohammed G, Ajanusi JO. Studies on the infectivity of an isolate of trypanosoma evansi in yankasa sheep. Veterinary Parasitology. 1999;86: 185-190.
Shehu SA, Ibrahim NDG, Esievo KAN, Mohammed G. Role of erythrocyte surface sialic acid in inducing anaemia in Savannah Brown bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vesterinarski Arhiv. 2010;76(6): 521-530.
Wada YA, Rekwot PI, Okubanjo OO, Mohammed B, Oniye SJ. Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2020;41(2):144-160.
Ndung’u K, Murilla GA, Thuita JK, Ngae GN, Auma JE, Gitonga PK. Differential virulence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolates does not influence the outcome of treatment with antitrypanosomal drugs in the mouse model. Plos One. 2020;15(11): e022906.
Mulengg GM, Gummow B. The detection of African trypanosomes in goats reared in tsetse infected villages of Eastern Zambia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2022;54(6):370.
Mdachi RE, OgollaI KO, Auma JE, Wamwiri FN, Kurgat RK, Wanjala, KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Chemuliti JK, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs. Plos One; 2023.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281180.
Odeniran PO, Macleod ET, Ademola IO, Welburn SC. Molecular identification of bloodmeal sources and trypanosomes in Glossina spp., Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. trapped on cattle farm settlements in southwest Nigeria. Medical Veterinary Entomology. 2019;33(2):269–81.
Odeniran PO, Macleod ET, Ademola IO, Welburn SC. Molecular identification of bloodmeal sources and trypanosomes in Glossina spp., Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. trapped on cattle farm settlements in southwest Nigeria. Medical Veterinary Entomology. 2019;33(2):269–81.
Wanjala KB, Mugunieri GL, Alusi PM, Kurgat RK, Mdachi RE, Chemuliti JK. Management of Camel Trypanosomiasis (Surra) among Pastoralists of Isiolo and Marsabit Counties, Kenya. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2021;9(1): 15–23.
Elihu A. Effect of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi on Ascorbic Acid and Semen Quality and its Relation with FREE Testosterone in Yankasa Rams. Archives of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 2022;4(1): 1-8.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim UI. Effect of melarsamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil®) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in red fronted gazelles (Gazella rufifrons). Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;163(1-2):140-143.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM., Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim, UI. Effect of melarsamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil®) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in red fronted gazelles (Gazella rufifrons). Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;163(1-2):140-143.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim UI. Effect of melarsomine hydrochloride (cymelarsan) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma bruccei in red fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrans): short communication. Veterinary parasitology. 2009;163:140-143.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte changes in pregnant yankasa ewes experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte Changes in Pregnant Yankasa Ewes Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM. Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim UI. Effect of melarsomine hydrochloride (cymelarsan) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma bruccei in red fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrans): short communication. Veterinary parasitology. 2009;163: 140-143.
Habeeb IF, Chechet GD, Kwaga JKP. Molecular identification and prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle distributed within the Jebba axis of the River Niger, Kwara state, Nigeria. Parasites Vectors. 2021;14:560.
Abvailable:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05054-0.
Njiru ZK. Constatine CC, Ndung JM, Robertson I, Okaye S, Thonmpson RCA, Reid S. A. Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using PCR and CATT/T. evansi tests in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology. 2004;124:187-199.
Mbaya AW, Kumshe HA, Geidam YA, Wiam AY. Effect of diaminazene aceturate (Berenil®) on the pathology of experimental T. brucei infected in African giant rats (Criceetomys gambianus). Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2011;32(3): 192-198.
Igbokwe IO. Mechanisms of cellular injury in African trypanosomosis. Veterinary bulletin. 1994;64:611-620.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte changes in pregnant yankasa ewes experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Ibrahim UI. Clinico-pathology and mechanism of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review. Veterinary Research Communications. 2009;33: 793-809.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte Changes in Pregnant Yankasa Ewes Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Wada YA, Rekwot PI, Okubanjo OO, Mohammed B, Oniye SJ. Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2020;41(2):144-160.
Kasozi KI, MacLeod ET, Waiswa C, Mahero M, Ntulume I, Welburn SC. Systematic review and meta analysis on knowledge attitude and practices on African animal trypanocide resistance. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022;7(9):205.
Chandu AGS, Sengupta PP, Jacob SS, Suresh KP, Borthakur SK, Patra G, Roy P. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in cattle and analysis of associated climatic risk factors in Mizoram. Indian Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2021;45(1): 244–251.
Fesseha H, Eshetu E, Mathewos M, Tilante T. Study on bovine trypanosomiasis and associated risk factors in Benatsemay District, Southern Ethiopia. Environmental Health Insights. 2022;16:1–10.
Kyari F, Mbaya AW, Biu AA, Adamu L, Dennis OO. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using CATT/T. evansi technique in Borno and Yobe states, Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiology and Control. 2021;13.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00209
Ngulde SI, Tijjani MB, Ihopo JM, Yauba AM. Antitrypanosomal potency of methanol extract of Cassia arereh delile root back in albino rats. International Journal of Drug Research and Technology. 2013;3:1-7.
Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BioMedicine Research International. 2013;22: 194176.
Office International des Epizootic (OIE). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals; 2004; 5th Edition, chapter 2.3.11.
Office International des Epizootic (OIE). World Animal Health Organization: OIE-Listed diseases, infections and infestations in force in 2016. Paris, France.
Available:http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/oie-listed-diseases-2016.
World Health Organisation (WHO). Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. 1998; Geneva, Technical Report Series No.881; 1998.
Osman AS, Jennings FW, Holmes PH. The rapid development of drug resistance by Trypanosoma evansi in immunosuppressed mice. Acta Tropical, 1992;50(3): 249-257.
Desquesne M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis. Parasites and Vectors. 2022; 15(64): 1-24.
Homeida AM, Elamin EA, Adam SEI, Mahmoud MM. Toxicity of diaminazene aceturate (Berenil) to camels. Journal Comparative Pathology. 1981;91:355-360.
Tuntasuvan D, Trongwanichnam K, Sukruen A, Borisutsuvan S, Mohkaew K, Chompoochan T. Efficacy of diaminazene aceturate on the treatment of trypanosomosis in pigs. Journal of the Thai Veterinary Medicine Association. 2003;54 (1-2):49–55.
Dia ML, Desquesnes ML. Trypanosomoses: utilisation rationnelle des trypanocides. Fiche technique, Santé animale, CIRDES, BP454 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. 2004;3:1–8.
Herbart WJ, Lumsden WHR. Trypanosoma brucei: A rapid matching method for estimating the host’s parasitaemia. Journal of Experimental Parasitology. 1976;40: 427-432.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Effects of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection on pregnancy in Yankasa ewes. Science direct: Theriogenology. 2016;85:862–869.
Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis. Parasites and Vectors. 2022;15(64): 1-24.
Herbart WJ, Lumsden WHR. Trypanosoma brucei: A rapid matching method for estimating the host’s parasitaemia. Journal of Experimental Parasitology. 1976; 40:427-432.
Coles EH. Veterinary clinical pathology. 2nd ed. W.B. Sauders Co. 1986;110-111.
Brown BA. Haematology principles and procedures. 1986; 2nd. Ed. Lea and Febiber. Philadelphia; 1976;56- 81.
Coles EH. Veterinary clinical pathology. 2nd ed. W.B. Sauders Co. 1986;110-111.
Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Law price edition Cambridge University Press. 2000;8:314-335.
Graph Pad Instat. Graph Pad Instat® version 3:10, bit for windows, Graph Pad; 2009.
Audu PA, Esievo KAN, Mohammed G, Ajanusi JO. Studies on the infectivity of an isolate of trypanosoma evansi in yankasa sheep. Veterinary Parasitology. 1999;86: 185-190.
Shehu SA, Ibrahim NDG, Esievo KAN, Mohammed G. Role of erythrocyte surface sialic acid in inducing anaemia in Savannah Brown bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vesterinarski Arhiv. 2010;76(6): 521-530.
Wada YA, Rekwot PI, Okubanjo OO, Mohammed B, Oniye SJ. Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2020;41(2):144-160.
Ndung’u K, Murilla GA, Thuita JK, Ngae GN, Auma JE, Gitonga PK. Differential virulence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolates does not influence the outcome of treatment with antitrypanosomal drugs in the mouse model. Plos One. 2020;15(11): e022906.
Mulengg GM, Gummow B. The detection of African trypanosomes in goats reared in tsetse infected villages of Eastern Zambia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2022;54(6):370.
Mdachi RE, OgollaI KO, Auma JE, Wamwiri FN, Kurgat RK, Wanjala, KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Chemuliti JK, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs. Plos One; 2023.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281180.
Odeniran PO, Macleod ET, Ademola IO, Welburn SC. Molecular identification of bloodmeal sources and trypanosomes in Glossina spp., Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. trapped on cattle farm settlements in southwest Nigeria. Medical Veterinary Entomology. 2019;33(2):269–81.
Odeniran PO, Macleod ET, Ademola IO, Welburn SC. Molecular identification of bloodmeal sources and trypanosomes in Glossina spp., Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. trapped on cattle farm settlements in southwest Nigeria. Medical Veterinary Entomology. 2019;33(2):269–81.
Wanjala KB, Mugunieri GL, Alusi PM, Kurgat RK, Mdachi RE, Chemuliti JK. Management of Camel Trypanosomiasis (Surra) among Pastoralists of Isiolo and Marsabit Counties, Kenya. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2021;9(1): 15–23.
Elihu A. Effect of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi on Ascorbic Acid and Semen Quality and its Relation with FREE Testosterone in Yankasa Rams. Archives of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 2022;4(1): 1-8.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim UI. Effect of melarsamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil®) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in red fronted gazelles (Gazella rufifrons). Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;163(1-2):140-143.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM., Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim, UI. Effect of melarsamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil®) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in red fronted gazelles (Gazella rufifrons). Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;163(1-2):140-143.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim UI. Effect of melarsomine hydrochloride (cymelarsan) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma bruccei in red fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrans): short communication. Veterinary parasitology. 2009;163:140-143.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte changes in pregnant yankasa ewes experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte Changes in Pregnant Yankasa Ewes Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM. Nwosu CO, Taiwo VO, Ibrahim UI. Effect of melarsomine hydrochloride (cymelarsan) and diaminazene aceturate (Berenil) on the pathology of experimental Trypanosoma bruccei in red fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrans): short communication. Veterinary parasitology. 2009;163: 140-143.
Habeeb IF, Chechet GD, Kwaga JKP. Molecular identification and prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle distributed within the Jebba axis of the River Niger, Kwara state, Nigeria. Parasites Vectors. 2021;14:560.
Abvailable:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05054-0.
Njiru ZK. Constatine CC, Ndung JM, Robertson I, Okaye S, Thonmpson RCA, Reid S. A. Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using PCR and CATT/T. evansi tests in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology. 2004;124:187-199.
Mbaya AW, Kumshe HA, Geidam YA, Wiam AY. Effect of diaminazene aceturate (Berenil®) on the pathology of experimental T. brucei infected in African giant rats (Criceetomys gambianus). Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2011;32(3): 192-198.
Igbokwe IO. Mechanisms of cellular injury in African trypanosomosis. Veterinary bulletin. 1994;64:611-620.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte changes in pregnant yankasa ewes experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Ibrahim UI. Clinico-pathology and mechanism of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review. Veterinary Research Communications. 2009;33: 793-809.
Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Leukocyte Changes in Pregnant Yankasa Ewes Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2017;38(2): 117-123.
Wada YA, Rekwot PI, Okubanjo OO, Mohammed B, Oniye SJ. Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 2020;41(2):144-160.
Kasozi KI, MacLeod ET, Waiswa C, Mahero M, Ntulume I, Welburn SC. Systematic review and meta analysis on knowledge attitude and practices on African animal trypanocide resistance. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022;7(9):205.
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