Effect of Parenteral Supplementation with Liposoluble Vitamins and Trace Minerals on Growth, Stress, Antioxidant Status and Immunity Biomarkers in Feedlot Cattle
Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences,
Page 58-67
Abstract
Aims: weaning and transport are stressful events in receiving feedlot cattle. These events in-creased oxidative stress in cattle. For this reason, administration of vitamins and trace minerals associated with antioxidant properties is recommended at feedlot entry. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of parenteral supplementation with vitamins (A and E) and minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) on days 1 and/or 7 after feedlot entry.
Methodology: heifers were assigned to one of four groups (n= 30); non- supplemented (CC), supplemented on day 1 and 7 (SS), and supplemented only on day 1 (SC) or 7 (CS). Blood parameters (cortisol, total antioxidant status -TAS-, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances -TBARS, haptoglobin -Hp- blood cell) and weight were recorded on day 1 and 21. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design using a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments.
Results: there was an interaction (P ≤ 0.07) for daily gain, and cortisol concentration. Heifers in the CC group had reduced daily gain compared with the other 3 treatments. Cortisol concentration was the lowest for heifers in the CC and the highest in the CS, with the other 2 treatments in between. Groups that received day 7 supplementation (CS and SS) increased the total antioxidant status (TAS; P = 0.01) and had lower lipid peroxidation (TBARS; P = 0.01).
Conclusion: supplementation with vitamins and minerals at feedlot entry improved daily gain. The antioxidant effect seems to be evident when considering day 7 supplementation since CS and SS groups showed greater TAS capacity and lower TBARS concentration.
Keywords:
- Ruminants
- oxidative stress
- average daily gain
- beef calves
How to Cite
Mattioli, G. A., Rosa, D. E., Turic, E., Relling, A. E., & Fazzio, L. E. (2023). Effect of Parenteral Supplementation with Liposoluble Vitamins and Trace Minerals on Growth, Stress, Antioxidant Status and Immunity Biomarkers in Feedlot Cattle. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(1), 58-67. Retrieved from https://journalajravs.com/index.php/AJRAVS/article/view/232
References
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Deters EL, Hansen SL. Invited Review: Linking road transportation with oxidative stress in cattle and other species. Appl. Anim. Sci. 2020, 36(2):183-200. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2019-01956
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2016.
Preston RL. Receiving cattle nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2007, 23(2):193-205.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.04.001
Mattioli GA, Rosa DE, Turic E, Picco SJ, Raggio SJ, Minervino AHH, Fazzio LE. Effects of Parenteral Supplementation with Minerals and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress and Humoral Immune Response of Weaning Calves. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(8):1298. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081298
Genther ON, Hansen SL. A multielement trace mineral injection improves liver copper and selenium concentrations and manganese superoxide dismutase activity in beef steers. J Anim Sci 2014, 92(2): 695-704.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7066
Cusack PM, McMeniman NP, Lean IJ. Effects of injectable vitamins A, D, E and C on the health and growth rate of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market. Aust Vet J 2008, 86(3):81-7.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00255.x
Bordignon R, Volpato A, Glombowsky P, Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Secco R, Pereira WAB, Leal MLR, Vedovatto M, Da Silva AS. Nutraceutical effect of vitamins and minerals on performance and immune and antioxidant systems in dairy calves during the nutritional transition period in summer. J Therm Biol. 2019;84:451-459.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.034
Galarza EM, Lizarraga RM, Mattioli GA, Parker AJ, Relling AE. Effect of preshipment preconditioning and injectable anti-oxidant trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) and vitamins (A, E) on plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations and growth in weaned beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci. 2021;5(1)230:233.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa233
Buckham Sporer KR, Weber PS, Burton JL, Earley B, Crowe MA. Transportation of young beef bulls alters circulating physiological parameters that may be effective biomarkers of stress. J Anim Sci. 2008;86(6):1325-1334.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0762
Carroll JA, Forsberg NE. Influence of stress and nutrition on cattle immunity. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2007;23(1):105-149. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.01.003
Pettiford SG, Ferguson DM, Lea JM, Lee C, Paull DR, Reed MT, Hinch GN, Fisher AD. Effect of loading practices and 6-hour road transport on the physiological responses of yearling cattle. Aust J Exp Agric. 2008;48(7):1028-1033.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08051
Griebel P, Hill K, Stookey J. How stress alters immune responses during respiratory infection. Anim Health Res Rev. 2014;15(2):161-165. Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252314000280
Hickey MC, Drennan M, Earley B. The effect of abrupt weaning of suckler calves on the plasma concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines, leukocytes, acute-phase proteins, and in vitro interferon-gamma production. J Anim Sci. 2003;81(11):2847-2855. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81112847x
Celi P. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in ruminant medicine. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011;33(2):233-240. Available:https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2010.514917
Descalzo AM, Sancho AM. A review of natural antioxidants and their effects on oxidative status, odor and quality of fresh beef produced in Argentina. Meat Sci. 2008;79(3):423-36. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.12.006
Ióvine E, Selva AA. El laboratorio en la clínica. Metodología analítica, fisiopatología e interpretación semiológica.1st ed.; Médica Panamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1985;136-148. Spanish.
Kegley EB, Coffey KP, Richeson JT. Effects of trace mineral injection 28 days before weaning on calf health, performance, and carcass characteristics. Ark Anim Sci. 2011;30-33. Available:http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/597-6.pdf
Loerch SC, Fluharty FL. Physiological changes and digestive capabilities of newly received feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 1999;77(5):1113-1119. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7751113x
Colditz IG. Effects of the immune system on metabolism: Implications for production and disease resistance in livestock. Livest Prod Sci. 2002;75(3):257-268. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00320-7
Clark JH, Olson KC, Schmidt TB, Larson RL, Ellersieck MR, Alkire DO, Meyer DL, Rentfrow GK, Carr CC. Effects of Respir-atory Disease Risk and a Bolus Injection of Trace Minerals at Receiving on Growing and Finishing Performance by Beef Steers. The Prof Anim Sci. 2006;22 (3):245–251. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31100-1
Berry BA, Choat WT, Gill DR, Krehbiel CR, Ball R. Efficacy of Multimin in improving performance and health in receiving cattle. Anim Sci Research Rep. 2000;1:60-64. Available:http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/research/2000rr/12.htm
Richeson JT, Kegley EB. Effect of supplemental trace minerals from injection on health and performance of highly stressed, newly received beef heifers. Prof Anim Sci. 2011;27(5):461-466. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30519-2
Harris CL, Wang B, Deavila JM, Busboom JR, Maquivar M, Parish SM, McCann B, Nelson ML, Du M. Vitamin A admin-istration at birth promotes calf growth and intramuscular fat development in Angus beef cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:55-56. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0268-7
Peng DQ, Smith SB, Lee HG. Vitamin A regulates intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle development: Promoting high-quality beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2021;12(1):34. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00558-2
Wang B, Nie W, Fu X, de Avila JM, Ma Y, Zhu MJ, Maquivar M, Parish SM, Busboom JR, Nelson ML, Du M. Neonatal vita-min A injection promotes cattle muscle growth and increases oxidative muscle fibers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:82-84. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0296-3
Campos CF, Costa TC, Rodrigues RTS, Guimarães SEF, Moura FH, Silva W, Chizzotti ML, Paulino PVR, Benedeti PDB, Silva FF, Duarte MS. Proteomic analysis reveals changes in energy metabolism of skeletal muscle in beef cattle supplemented with vitamin A. J Sci Food Agric. 2020;100(8):3536-3543. Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10401
Wernicki A, Urban-Chmiel R, Kankofer M, Mikucki P, Puchalski A, Tokarzewski S. Evaluation of plasma cortisol and TBARS levels in calves after short-term transportation. Rev Med Vet. 2006;157: 30-34.
Marques RS, Cooke RF, Francisco CL, Bohnert DW. Effects of twenty-four-hour transport or twenty-four-hour feed and water deprivation on physiologic and performance responses of feeder cattle. J Anim Sci. 2012;90(13):5040-5046. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5425
Lippolis KD, Cooke RF, Silva LGT, Schubach KM, Brandao AP, Marques RS, Larson CK, Russell JR, Arispe SA, DelCurto T, Bohnert DW. Effects of organic complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn supplementation during a 45-day precondition-ing period on productive and health responses of feeder cattle. Animal. 2017;11(11):1949-1956. Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117001033
Montanholi YR, Palme R, Haas LS, Swanson KC, Vander Voort G, Miller SP. On the relationships between glucocorticoids and feed efficiency in beef cattle. Livest Sci. 2013;155:130-136. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.04.002
Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Abo-Ismail M, Carstens GE, Guan LL, Hegarty R, Kenny DA, McGee M, Plastow G, Relling A, Or-tigues-Marty I. Review: Biological determinants of between-animal variation in feed efficiency of growing beef cattle. Animal. 2018;12(2):321-335. Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001489
Wernicki A, Urban-Chmiel R, Puchalski A, Dec M. Evaluation of the influence of transport and adaptation stress on chosen immune and oxidative parameters and occurrence of respiratory syndrome in feedlot calves. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2014; 58:111-116. Available:https://doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0018
Lykkesfeldt J, Svendsen O. Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: Oxidative stress in farm animals. Vet J. 2007;173(3):502-511. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.06.005
Basu S, Eriksson M. Vitamin E in relation to lipid peroxidation in experimental septic shock. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000;62(3):195-199. Available:https://doi.org/10.1054/plef.2000.0141
Duff GC, Galyean ML Board-invited review: Recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cat-tle. J Anim Sci. 2007;85(3):823-840. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-501
Shi H, Yan S, Jin l, Shi B, Guo X. Vitamin A affects the expression of antioxidant genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells with oxidative stress induced by diethylene triamine-nitric oxide polymer. Czech J Anim Sci. 2016;61(3):117-126. Available:https://doi.org/10.17221/8784-CJAS
Arthington JD, Eichert SD, Kunkle WE, Martin FG. Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute-phase protein re-sponse, growth, and feed intake of newly weaned beef calves. J Anim Sci. 2003;81(5):1120-1125.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.8151120x
Cooke RF, Cappellozza BI, Guarnieri Filho TA, Bohnert DW. Effects of flunixin meglumine administration on physiological and performance responses of transported feeder cattle. J Anim Sci. 2013; 91(11):5500-5506.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6336
Kegley EB, Ball JJ, Beck PA. Impact of mineral and vitamin status on beef cattle immune function and health. J Anim Sci. 2016;94(12):5401-5413. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0720
Spears JW. Micronutrients and immune function in cattle. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000; 59(4):587-594.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000835
Dang AK, Prasad S, De K, Pal S, Mukherjee J, Sandeep IV, Mutoni G, Pathan MM, Jamwal M, Kapila S, Kapila R, Kaur H, Dixit S, Mohanty AK, Prakash BS. Effect of supplementation of vitamin E, copper and zinc on the in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation index of peripartum Sahiwal (Bos indicus) cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2013;97(2): 315-321. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01272.x
Arthington JD, Havenga LJ. Effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune response to multivalent vaccine ad-ministration in beef calves. J Anim Sci. 2012;90(6):1966-1971. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4024
Roberts SL, May ND, Brauer CL, Gentry WW, Weiss CP, Jennings JS, Richeson JT. Effect of injectable trace mineral admin-istration on health, performance, and vaccine response of newly received feedlot cattle. Prof Anim Sci. 2016;32(6):842-848. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01543
Available:https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.860
Deters EL, Hansen SL. Invited Review: Linking road transportation with oxidative stress in cattle and other species. Appl. Anim. Sci. 2020, 36(2):183-200. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2019-01956
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2016.
Preston RL. Receiving cattle nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2007, 23(2):193-205.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.04.001
Mattioli GA, Rosa DE, Turic E, Picco SJ, Raggio SJ, Minervino AHH, Fazzio LE. Effects of Parenteral Supplementation with Minerals and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress and Humoral Immune Response of Weaning Calves. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(8):1298. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081298
Genther ON, Hansen SL. A multielement trace mineral injection improves liver copper and selenium concentrations and manganese superoxide dismutase activity in beef steers. J Anim Sci 2014, 92(2): 695-704.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7066
Cusack PM, McMeniman NP, Lean IJ. Effects of injectable vitamins A, D, E and C on the health and growth rate of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market. Aust Vet J 2008, 86(3):81-7.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00255.x
Bordignon R, Volpato A, Glombowsky P, Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Secco R, Pereira WAB, Leal MLR, Vedovatto M, Da Silva AS. Nutraceutical effect of vitamins and minerals on performance and immune and antioxidant systems in dairy calves during the nutritional transition period in summer. J Therm Biol. 2019;84:451-459.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.034
Galarza EM, Lizarraga RM, Mattioli GA, Parker AJ, Relling AE. Effect of preshipment preconditioning and injectable anti-oxidant trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) and vitamins (A, E) on plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations and growth in weaned beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci. 2021;5(1)230:233.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa233
Buckham Sporer KR, Weber PS, Burton JL, Earley B, Crowe MA. Transportation of young beef bulls alters circulating physiological parameters that may be effective biomarkers of stress. J Anim Sci. 2008;86(6):1325-1334.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0762
Carroll JA, Forsberg NE. Influence of stress and nutrition on cattle immunity. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2007;23(1):105-149. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.01.003
Pettiford SG, Ferguson DM, Lea JM, Lee C, Paull DR, Reed MT, Hinch GN, Fisher AD. Effect of loading practices and 6-hour road transport on the physiological responses of yearling cattle. Aust J Exp Agric. 2008;48(7):1028-1033.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08051
Griebel P, Hill K, Stookey J. How stress alters immune responses during respiratory infection. Anim Health Res Rev. 2014;15(2):161-165. Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252314000280
Hickey MC, Drennan M, Earley B. The effect of abrupt weaning of suckler calves on the plasma concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines, leukocytes, acute-phase proteins, and in vitro interferon-gamma production. J Anim Sci. 2003;81(11):2847-2855. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81112847x
Celi P. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in ruminant medicine. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011;33(2):233-240. Available:https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2010.514917
Descalzo AM, Sancho AM. A review of natural antioxidants and their effects on oxidative status, odor and quality of fresh beef produced in Argentina. Meat Sci. 2008;79(3):423-36. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.12.006
Ióvine E, Selva AA. El laboratorio en la clínica. Metodología analítica, fisiopatología e interpretación semiológica.1st ed.; Médica Panamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1985;136-148. Spanish.
Kegley EB, Coffey KP, Richeson JT. Effects of trace mineral injection 28 days before weaning on calf health, performance, and carcass characteristics. Ark Anim Sci. 2011;30-33. Available:http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/597-6.pdf
Loerch SC, Fluharty FL. Physiological changes and digestive capabilities of newly received feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 1999;77(5):1113-1119. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7751113x
Colditz IG. Effects of the immune system on metabolism: Implications for production and disease resistance in livestock. Livest Prod Sci. 2002;75(3):257-268. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00320-7
Clark JH, Olson KC, Schmidt TB, Larson RL, Ellersieck MR, Alkire DO, Meyer DL, Rentfrow GK, Carr CC. Effects of Respir-atory Disease Risk and a Bolus Injection of Trace Minerals at Receiving on Growing and Finishing Performance by Beef Steers. The Prof Anim Sci. 2006;22 (3):245–251. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31100-1
Berry BA, Choat WT, Gill DR, Krehbiel CR, Ball R. Efficacy of Multimin in improving performance and health in receiving cattle. Anim Sci Research Rep. 2000;1:60-64. Available:http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/research/2000rr/12.htm
Richeson JT, Kegley EB. Effect of supplemental trace minerals from injection on health and performance of highly stressed, newly received beef heifers. Prof Anim Sci. 2011;27(5):461-466. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30519-2
Harris CL, Wang B, Deavila JM, Busboom JR, Maquivar M, Parish SM, McCann B, Nelson ML, Du M. Vitamin A admin-istration at birth promotes calf growth and intramuscular fat development in Angus beef cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:55-56. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0268-7
Peng DQ, Smith SB, Lee HG. Vitamin A regulates intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle development: Promoting high-quality beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2021;12(1):34. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00558-2
Wang B, Nie W, Fu X, de Avila JM, Ma Y, Zhu MJ, Maquivar M, Parish SM, Busboom JR, Nelson ML, Du M. Neonatal vita-min A injection promotes cattle muscle growth and increases oxidative muscle fibers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:82-84. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0296-3
Campos CF, Costa TC, Rodrigues RTS, Guimarães SEF, Moura FH, Silva W, Chizzotti ML, Paulino PVR, Benedeti PDB, Silva FF, Duarte MS. Proteomic analysis reveals changes in energy metabolism of skeletal muscle in beef cattle supplemented with vitamin A. J Sci Food Agric. 2020;100(8):3536-3543. Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10401
Wernicki A, Urban-Chmiel R, Kankofer M, Mikucki P, Puchalski A, Tokarzewski S. Evaluation of plasma cortisol and TBARS levels in calves after short-term transportation. Rev Med Vet. 2006;157: 30-34.
Marques RS, Cooke RF, Francisco CL, Bohnert DW. Effects of twenty-four-hour transport or twenty-four-hour feed and water deprivation on physiologic and performance responses of feeder cattle. J Anim Sci. 2012;90(13):5040-5046. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5425
Lippolis KD, Cooke RF, Silva LGT, Schubach KM, Brandao AP, Marques RS, Larson CK, Russell JR, Arispe SA, DelCurto T, Bohnert DW. Effects of organic complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn supplementation during a 45-day precondition-ing period on productive and health responses of feeder cattle. Animal. 2017;11(11):1949-1956. Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117001033
Montanholi YR, Palme R, Haas LS, Swanson KC, Vander Voort G, Miller SP. On the relationships between glucocorticoids and feed efficiency in beef cattle. Livest Sci. 2013;155:130-136. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.04.002
Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Abo-Ismail M, Carstens GE, Guan LL, Hegarty R, Kenny DA, McGee M, Plastow G, Relling A, Or-tigues-Marty I. Review: Biological determinants of between-animal variation in feed efficiency of growing beef cattle. Animal. 2018;12(2):321-335. Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001489
Wernicki A, Urban-Chmiel R, Puchalski A, Dec M. Evaluation of the influence of transport and adaptation stress on chosen immune and oxidative parameters and occurrence of respiratory syndrome in feedlot calves. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2014; 58:111-116. Available:https://doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0018
Lykkesfeldt J, Svendsen O. Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: Oxidative stress in farm animals. Vet J. 2007;173(3):502-511. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.06.005
Basu S, Eriksson M. Vitamin E in relation to lipid peroxidation in experimental septic shock. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000;62(3):195-199. Available:https://doi.org/10.1054/plef.2000.0141
Duff GC, Galyean ML Board-invited review: Recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cat-tle. J Anim Sci. 2007;85(3):823-840. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-501
Shi H, Yan S, Jin l, Shi B, Guo X. Vitamin A affects the expression of antioxidant genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells with oxidative stress induced by diethylene triamine-nitric oxide polymer. Czech J Anim Sci. 2016;61(3):117-126. Available:https://doi.org/10.17221/8784-CJAS
Arthington JD, Eichert SD, Kunkle WE, Martin FG. Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute-phase protein re-sponse, growth, and feed intake of newly weaned beef calves. J Anim Sci. 2003;81(5):1120-1125.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.8151120x
Cooke RF, Cappellozza BI, Guarnieri Filho TA, Bohnert DW. Effects of flunixin meglumine administration on physiological and performance responses of transported feeder cattle. J Anim Sci. 2013; 91(11):5500-5506.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6336
Kegley EB, Ball JJ, Beck PA. Impact of mineral and vitamin status on beef cattle immune function and health. J Anim Sci. 2016;94(12):5401-5413. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0720
Spears JW. Micronutrients and immune function in cattle. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000; 59(4):587-594.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000835
Dang AK, Prasad S, De K, Pal S, Mukherjee J, Sandeep IV, Mutoni G, Pathan MM, Jamwal M, Kapila S, Kapila R, Kaur H, Dixit S, Mohanty AK, Prakash BS. Effect of supplementation of vitamin E, copper and zinc on the in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation index of peripartum Sahiwal (Bos indicus) cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2013;97(2): 315-321. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01272.x
Arthington JD, Havenga LJ. Effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune response to multivalent vaccine ad-ministration in beef calves. J Anim Sci. 2012;90(6):1966-1971. Available:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4024
Roberts SL, May ND, Brauer CL, Gentry WW, Weiss CP, Jennings JS, Richeson JT. Effect of injectable trace mineral admin-istration on health, performance, and vaccine response of newly received feedlot cattle. Prof Anim Sci. 2016;32(6):842-848. Available:https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01543
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