Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Bovine Raw Milk and Fecal Matter from Dairy Farms in Khartoum Bahri Locality, Sudan
Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences,
Page 1-10
Abstract
This study was conducted in Khartoum Bahri locality during the period from 2020 to 2021. A total of 40 random samples of raw milk and fecal matter were collected from different dairy farms in Bahri locality with the objectives to isolate Bacillus Cereus organism and to illustrate the resistance pattern of antimicrobial to confirm B. cereus. A questionnaire was designed to show the cleanness, mastitis and fecal matter removal status of the farms. Samples were examined for the prevalence of B. cereus. Results of the bacteriological methods were confirmed using PCR. The data showed that B. cereus was isolated from 9(45%), 15(75%) of the raw milk, and fecal matter, respectively. In farm (1) the prevalence rate of B. cereus in raw milk was 4(20%) which was the highest among other farms, 2(10%), 2(10%), 1(5%) in farm2, farm3 and farm 4, respectively. The isolated organisms were found to be highly resistant to Ampicillin\ Sulbactam, Cotrimoxazole, Cefotaxime, Cloxacillin, Colistin and Ceftriaxone and sensitive to Cephalexin, Tetracyclin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, streptomycin, Roxithromycin, and Gentamicin.
Keywords:
- Bacillus cereus
- antimicrobial susceptibility
- PCR
How to Cite
Mohammadin, M. I. A., Salman, A. M. A., Abubaker, E. A. A., & Iman M., H. (2023). Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Bovine Raw Milk and Fecal Matter from Dairy Farms in Khartoum Bahri Locality, Sudan. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 11(2), 1-10. Retrieved from https://journalajravs.com/index.php/AJRAVS/article/view/230
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Lund T, De Buyser ML, Granum PE. A new cytotoxin from Bacillus cereus that may cause necrotic enteritis. Molecular Microbiology. 2000;38(2):254-261.
Dierick K, Van Coillie E, Swiecicka I, Meyfroidt G, Devlieger H, Meulemans A, Hoedemaekers G, Fourie L, Heyndrickx M, Mahillon J. Fatal family outbreak of Bacillus cereus associated food poisoning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2005; 43(8):4277-4279.
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Luna VA, King DS, Gulledge J, Cannons AC, Amuso PT, Cattani J. Susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis to 24 antimicrobials using Sensititre® automated microbroth dilution and Etest® agar gradient diffusion methods. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2007;60(3):555-567.
Da Silva Fernandes M, Fujimoto G, Schneid I, Kabuki DY, Kuaye AY. Enterotoxigenic profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus isolated from ricotta processing. International Dairy Journal. 2014;38(1):16-23.
Kim MJ, Han JK, Park JS, Lee JS, Lee SH, Cho JI, Kim KS. Various enterotoxin and other virulence factor genes widespread among Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2015; 25(6):872-879.
Yibar A, Cetinkaya F, Soyutemiz E, Yaman G. Prevalence, enterotoxin production and antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus isolated from milk and cheese. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2017;23:635-642.
Drobniewski FA. Bacillus cereus and relaed species. J. ASM.org, Clinical Microbiology Review. 2014;27(2).
Seblewongel A. A study on prevalence, public health significance and the association risk factors of Bacillus cereus on bovine raw milk in alage dairy farm, Ethiopia. Msc thesis, Addis Ababa University; 2013.
Agwa OK, Uzoigwe CI, Wokoma EC. Incidence and antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready to eat foods sold in some markets in Portharcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria. Asian J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Environ. Sci. 2012;14(1):13-18.
Carlin F, Brillard J, Broussolle V, Clavel T, Duport C, Jobin M, Guinebretière MH, Auger S, Sorokine A, Nguyen-Thé C. Adaptation of Bacillus cereus, an ubiquitous worldwide-distributed foodborne pathogen, to a changing environment. Food Research International. 2010;43(7): 1885-1894.
Arnesen SLP, Fagerlund A, Granum PEFrom soil to gut: Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2008;32(4):579-606.
Bottone EJ. Bacillus cereus, a volatile human pathogen. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2010;23(2):382-398.
Bennett SD, Walsh KA, Gould LH. Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus—United States, 1998–2008. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2013;57(3):425-433.
Graham C. Bacillus species and non-spore-forming anaerobes in New Zealand livestock. Surveillance. 1998;25(4):19.
Parkinson, T. J. Merrall, M. and Fenwick SG. A case of bovine mastitis caused by Bacillus cereus;1999.
Magnusson M, Svensson B, Kolstrup C, Christiansson A. Bacillus cereus in free-stall bedding. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90(12): 5473-5482.
TeGiffel MT, Wagendorp A, Herrewegh A, Driehuis F. Bacterial spores in silage and raw milk. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2002; 81(1):625-630.
Vissers MMM, TeGiffel MC, Driehuis F, De Jong P, Lankveld JMG. Minimizing the level of Bacillus cereus spores in farm tank milk. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007b; 90(7):3286-3293.
Christiansson A, Bertilsson J, Svensson B. Bacillus cereus spores in raw milk: factors affecting the contamination of milk during the grazing period. Journal of Dairy Science. 1999;82(2):305-314.
Vissers MMM, TeGiffel MC, Driehuis F, De Jong P, Lankveld JMG. Predictive modeling of Bacillus cereus pores in farm tank milk during grazing and housing periods. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007a;90(1):281-292.
Magnusson M, Christiansson A, Svensson B, Kolstrup C. Effect of different pre-milking manual teat-cleaning methods on bacterial spores in milk. Journal of Dairy Science. 2006;89(10):3866-3875.
Shawish R, Tarabees R. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Bacillus cereus isolated from beef products in Egypt. Open Veterinary Journal. 2017;7(4):337-341.
Salih RRM. Bovine Mastitis caused by Bacillus spp. in Khartoum State, Sudan. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production. 2013;2(2).
Fricker M, Reissbrodt R, Ehling-Schulz M. Evaluation of standard and new chromogenic selective plating media for isolation and identification of Bacillus cereus. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2008;121(1):27-34.
Quinn J, Carter E, Markey B, Carter R. Clinical veterinary microbiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited. 1999;118-36.
CLSI. Document M100-S22. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Twenty Second Informational Supplement; 2012.
Knebelsberger T, Stöger I. DNA extraction, preservation, and amplification. In DNA Barcodes. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 2012;311-338.
Leonard G, Davis, Mark D. Dibner and James F. Batty. Basic Methods in Molecular Biology. Elsevier; 2012.
Abraha A, Bikila T, Alemu S, Muktar Y. Bacillus Cereus isolation and load from raw cow milk sold in Markets of Haramaya District, eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Food Contamination. 2017;4(1):1-6.
Yobouet BA, Kouamé-Sina SM, Dadié A, Makita K, Grace D, Djè KM, Bonfoh B. Contamination of raw milk with Bacillus cereus from farm to retail in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and possible health implications. Dairy Science and Technology. 2014;94(1):51-60.
Organji SR, Abulreesh HH, Elbanna K, Osman GEH, Khider M. Occurrence and characterization of toxigenic Bacillus cereus in food and infant feces. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2015;5(7):515-520.
Choi S, Kim H, Kim Y, Kim BS, Beuchat LR, Ryu JH. Fate of Bacillus cereus and naturally occurring microbiota on milled rice as affected by temperature and relative humidity. Food Microbiology. 2014;38:122-127.
Normanno G, La Salandra G, Dambrosio A, Quaglia NC, Corrente M, Parisi A, Santagada G, Firinu A, Crisetti E, Celano GV. Occurrence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat and dairy products. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2007;115(3):290-296.
Lund T, De Buyser ML, Granum PE. A new cytotoxin from Bacillus cereus that may cause necrotic enteritis. Molecular Microbiology. 2000;38(2):254-261.
Dierick K, Van Coillie E, Swiecicka I, Meyfroidt G, Devlieger H, Meulemans A, Hoedemaekers G, Fourie L, Heyndrickx M, Mahillon J. Fatal family outbreak of Bacillus cereus associated food poisoning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2005; 43(8):4277-4279.
Murray PR, Rosentthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 5thed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Mosby; 2005. Available:https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45942-0
Luna VA, King DS, Gulledge J, Cannons AC, Amuso PT, Cattani J. Susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis to 24 antimicrobials using Sensititre® automated microbroth dilution and Etest® agar gradient diffusion methods. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2007;60(3):555-567.
Da Silva Fernandes M, Fujimoto G, Schneid I, Kabuki DY, Kuaye AY. Enterotoxigenic profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus isolated from ricotta processing. International Dairy Journal. 2014;38(1):16-23.
Kim MJ, Han JK, Park JS, Lee JS, Lee SH, Cho JI, Kim KS. Various enterotoxin and other virulence factor genes widespread among Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2015; 25(6):872-879.
Yibar A, Cetinkaya F, Soyutemiz E, Yaman G. Prevalence, enterotoxin production and antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus isolated from milk and cheese. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2017;23:635-642.
Drobniewski FA. Bacillus cereus and relaed species. J. ASM.org, Clinical Microbiology Review. 2014;27(2).
Seblewongel A. A study on prevalence, public health significance and the association risk factors of Bacillus cereus on bovine raw milk in alage dairy farm, Ethiopia. Msc thesis, Addis Ababa University; 2013.
Agwa OK, Uzoigwe CI, Wokoma EC. Incidence and antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready to eat foods sold in some markets in Portharcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria. Asian J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Environ. Sci. 2012;14(1):13-18.
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