Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Agricultural Waste-Derived Activated Charcoal on Hematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Layer Chickens
Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences,
Page 1-11
Abstract
The ban on sub-therapeutic dietary inclusion of antibiotics has necessitated the inclusion of natural additives such as activated charcoal (AC) produced from agricultural wastes. One hundred and twenty Isa Brown layer chickens aged 16 weeks with good management and vaccination history were used for this experiment. The birds were divided into four groups (G1-G4) of thirty birds each with each group further replicated three times comprising of 10 birds each. Chickens in G2-G4 were fed layer mash which contained 0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg and 1.5g/kg of AC, respectively with G1 as control group and reared on deep litter. Blood samples were collected from the chickens at the end of 20th, 28th and 33rd week of the experiment and used for hematological and serum biochemical assays. Data collected were subjected to analysis using ANOVA. Hematological indices (RBC, Hb, PCV and lymphocytes) were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the supplemented treatment group (G2, G3 and G4) at 28th and 33rd week than the control with G3 having the highest value. The MCV of G1 and G4 were both higher (P < 0.05) while the MCH, MCHC and neutrophil counts of G1 were significantly higher than other layer groups. The cholesterol level of G1 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the supplemented groups (G2-G4) whose total proteins were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than G1. AC is recommended as feed additive for improvement of hematological indices and for use in cases of hypercholesterolemia.
Keywords:
- Activated charcoal
- agricultural wastes
- hematology
- serum biochemistry
How to Cite
Okey, S. N., Ogbu, C. C., Okoli, I. C., Okey, O. N., Akpan, C. A. N., Afolabi, K. D., & Udo, U. J. (2022). Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Agricultural Waste-Derived Activated Charcoal on Hematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Layer Chickens. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 10(4), 1-11. Retrieved from https://journalajravs.com/index.php/AJRAVS/article/view/220
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Thacker PA. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters in swine production: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2013;4(10):4-35.
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Okoroigwe EC, Ofomatah AC, Oparaku NF, Unachukwu GO. Production and evaluation of activated carbon from palm kernel shell for economic and environmental sustainability. International Journal of Physical Science. 2013;8(19):1036-1041.
Schmidt HP, Hagemann N, Draper K, Kammann C. The of biochar in animal feeding. Peer Journal. 2019;7:e7373.
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Abdel-Hameed SAA, Negun SS, Ismael NEM, Soliman MM, Shukry M, Abdel-Latiff HMR. Effect of activated charcoal on growth, immunity, oxidative stress markers and physiological responses of Nile Tilapia exposed to sub-lethal imidacloprid toxicity. Animals. 2021;11(1357):1-15.
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Available:www.fftc.agnet.org.
Schalm OW, Jain NC, Carrol, EJ. Veterinary haematology, 3rd Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 1975;197-199.
Coles EH. Avian clinica pathology. W.B Sanders Company, Philadelphia; 1986.
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Sufiriyanto NI, Emmy S. Hematological profiles and performance of broiler chickens fed on commercial feed. Journal of Animal Production. 2018;20(3):183–190.
Bounous D, Stedman N. Normal avian hematology: Chicken and turkey. In: felman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC editors. Schalm’s Veterinary Heamtology. New York: Wiley. 2000;1147–1154.
Igwe AO, Eze DC, Nwakuda ON. Hematological changes in Isa-brown laying chickens (Gallus gullusdomesticus) experimentally infected with velogenic New Castle diseases virus. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2017;15(1):27-35.
Irizarry-Rovira AR. Avian hematology. In: Veterinary Clinical Pathology Secrets, Cowell, Rick L, (editor). Saunders Elsevier, Missouri. 2004;282-305.
Samour J. Diagnostic value of hematology. In: Clinical Avian Medicine: (GJ Harrison, TL Lightfoot, (editors); 2009.
Available:www.clinicalavainmedicine,com
Campbell TW, Coles EH. Avian Clinical Pathology, Fourth edition. W.B Sanders Company Philadelphia. 1986;279-296.
Juul-Madsen HR, Viertlboeck B, Smith AL, Gobel TWF. Avain immunology, saunders elsevier, Missouri. 2008;129-158.
Latimer KS, Bienzie D. Determination and interpretation of the AvainLeukogram. In: Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. (BF Feldman, JG Zinkl, NC Jain, editors). Lippincott William and Willikins, Philadelphia, USA. 2000;417-432.
Sharma SL, Singh P, Patil AK, Sharma J. Effect of feeding compressed complete feed block containing sugar meal on blood biochemical profile of crossbred calves. Journal of Animal Research. 2015; 5(3):575.
Huff G, Huff W, Rath N, Anthony N, Nestor K. Effects of Escherichia coli challenge and transport stress on hematology and serum chemistry values of three genetic lines of turkeys. Poultry Science. 2008;87(11): 2234-2241.
Meluzzi A, Primiceri G, Giordani R, Fabris G. Determination of blood constituents reference values in broilers. Poultry Science. 1992;71(2):337–345.
Makama RS, Onimisi PA, Afolayan M. Apparent nutrient digestibility, liver function indices and lipid profile of broiler chickens fed raw and boiled sickle pod (Senna obtusifolia) seed meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 2021;23(2):207-212.
Fischbatch FT, Dunning MB. A manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests.Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009.
Esubonteng OKA. An assessment of the effect of Moringaolifera leaf powder as a nutritional supplement in the diet. Kumasi Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; 2011.
Ambrosy AP, Dunn TP, Heidenreich PA. Effect of minor liver function test abnormalities and values within the normal range of survival in heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2015; 115(7):938-941.
Wiki Vet; 2012.
Available:https:/en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Chicken_Biochemistry&oldid=140035
Cernecky C, Berger B. Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science; 2008.
Clinical diagnostic division. Veterinary reference guide. Rochester: Eastman Kodak Company; 1990.
Ibrahim A, Aliyu J, Abdu M, Hassan A. Effects of age and sex on serum biochemistry values of turkeys (Meleagrisgalloparo) reared in the semi-arid environment of Nigeria. World Applied Science Journal. 2012;16(3):433–436.
Ugbogo AE, Okezie E, Ijioma SN. Introducing Biochemistry practical by Justman Publishers International. 2017; 143–202.
Harr KE. Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: A review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2002;31(3):140-151.
Neuvonen PJ, Kuusisto P, Vapaatalo H, Manninen V. Activated charcoal in the treatment of hypercholerolaemia: Dose- response relationships and comparison with cholestyramine. European Journal of Chemical Pharmacology. 1989;37: 225-230.
Shabani A, Dastar B, Khomeiri M, Shabanpour B, Hassani S. Response of broiler chickens to different levels of nanozeolite during experimental aflatoxicosis. Journal of Biological Science. 2010;10(4):362-367.
Dim C E, Akuru E A, Egom MA, Nnajofor N W, Ossai OK, Ukaigwe CG, Onyimonyi AE. Effect of dietary inclusion of biochar on growth performance, haematology and serum lipid profile of broiler birds. Agro Science. 2018;17(2):8-16.
Roosdiana A, Vidiastuti D, Herenda H. The preventive effect of activated charcoal on HDL levels and aorta histopathological profiles in hypecholesterol rat models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019;1374:012029.
Davis. Atherosclerosis an inflammatory process. Journal of Insur Medicine. 2005; 37:72.
Atteh JO. Romancing the chicken. 68th Inaugural Lecture, University of Ilorin. Unilorin Press, Ilorin, Nigeria; 2003.
USDA. International egg and poultry report. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C, USA; 2013.
USDA. Long-term projections report prepared by Inter-agency Agricultural Committee, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C, USA; 2007.
Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP. Effect of environment on metabolism. In: Collier R.J. and Collier JL. (eds). Environmental physiology of livestock. Wiley, Inc. Ames. 2012;81-100.
Ukwu CP. Influence of stressors on day old chicks development in the hot humid tropical environment of Southeastern Nigeria. M.Sc Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; 2013.
Makkar HPS, Beever P. Optimization of feed use efficiency in ruminant production systems. Proceedings of the FAO symposium,. Bangkok. Thailand; 2013.
Okoli IC, Udedibie ABI. The Science and technology of cassava utilization in poultry feeding. Proceedings of a NIPOFERD Workshop on “Knowledge Transfer towards Cost-effective Poultry Feeds Production from Processed Cassava Products to Improve the Productivity of Small-Scale Farmers in Nigeria”, Asaba, Nigeria; 2017.
Terrence OK. Digestive aid: A brave new world of nutrition. Poultry International, Walt Agriculture Business Media, USA; 2005.
Midilli M, Alp N, Kocabegh O, Muglah H, Turan H, Cakir S. Effect of dietary probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on growth performance and Serum IgG concentration of broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science. 2008;38:1-2.
Thacker PA. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters in swine production: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2013;4(10):4-35.
Mirzaaei-Aghasaghali A. Importance of medical herbs in animal feeding: A review. Ann. Biology Resources. 2012;3:918–923.
AAFCO. Official publication. Association of American Feed Control Officials. USA; 2012.
Zafar S. Palm Kernel shell as biomass resource. 2018;12-13.
Available:http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/combustion.
Iregbu GU, Kubkomawa IH, Okoli CG, Ogundu EC, Uchegbu MC, Okoli IC. Environmental concerns of pig waste production and its potentials as bio-fuel Source. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2014;3:17-24.
Okoroigwe EC, Ofomatah AC, Oparaku NF, Unachukwu GO. Production and evaluation of activated carbon from palm kernel shell for economic and environmental sustainability. International Journal of Physical Science. 2013;8(19):1036-1041.
Schmidt HP, Hagemann N, Draper K, Kammann C. The of biochar in animal feeding. Peer Journal. 2019;7:e7373.
Agba MM, Ushie EF., Abam I, Agba MS, Okoro J. Developing the biofuel industry for effective rural transportation. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2010; 40:441-449.
Akorede MF, Ibrahim O, Amuda,SA, Otuoze AO, Olufeagba B J. Current status and outlook of renewable energy development in Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Technology. 2017;36(6):196-212.
Mohammed YS, Mustafa MW, Bashir N, Mokhatar AS. Renewable energy resources for distributed power generation in Nigeria: A review of the potential. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013;22:257-268.
Oyedepo SO. Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: The way forward. Energy, Sustainability and Society. 2012; 2:14.
Dawood MAO, Metawally AES, El-Sharawy ME, Ghozlan AM, Abdel-Latiff HMR, Van-Doan H, Ali MAM. The influences of ferulic acid on the growth performance, haemato-immunological responses, and immune-related genes of Nile Tilapia exposed to heat stress. Aquaculture. 2020;525:735320.
Abdel-Hameed SAA, Negun SS, Ismael NEM, Soliman MM, Shukry M, Abdel-Latiff HMR. Effect of activated charcoal on growth, immunity, oxidative stress markers and physiological responses of Nile Tilapia exposed to sub-lethal imidacloprid toxicity. Animals. 2021;11(1357):1-15.
Gunamantha IM, Widana GAB. Characterization of the potential of biochar from cow and pig manure for genecology application. Conference Series: Earth Environmental Science. 2018;131: 12-55.
FASS. Guide for the care and use of agriculture animals in agricultural research and teaching, 1st Revision, Federation of Animal Science Societies, Savoy (IL); 1999.
NRC. Nutrient requirement of poultry, 9th revised edition National Research Council National Academy Press, Washington, DC; 1994.
FFTC. The feeding of bamboo charcoal to cattle, pigs and poultry. A technical bulletin from the Food and Fertilizer Technology Ccentre, Taiwan; 2002.
Available:www.fftc.agnet.org.
Schalm OW, Jain NC, Carrol, EJ. Veterinary haematology, 3rd Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 1975;197-199.
Coles EH. Avian clinica pathology. W.B Sanders Company, Philadelphia; 1986.
Moyes CD, Schute PM. Principles of animal physiology. 2nd Edition.Pearson International Edition. New York; 2008.
Sufiriyanto NI, Emmy S. Hematological profiles and performance of broiler chickens fed on commercial feed. Journal of Animal Production. 2018;20(3):183–190.
Bounous D, Stedman N. Normal avian hematology: Chicken and turkey. In: felman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC editors. Schalm’s Veterinary Heamtology. New York: Wiley. 2000;1147–1154.
Igwe AO, Eze DC, Nwakuda ON. Hematological changes in Isa-brown laying chickens (Gallus gullusdomesticus) experimentally infected with velogenic New Castle diseases virus. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2017;15(1):27-35.
Irizarry-Rovira AR. Avian hematology. In: Veterinary Clinical Pathology Secrets, Cowell, Rick L, (editor). Saunders Elsevier, Missouri. 2004;282-305.
Samour J. Diagnostic value of hematology. In: Clinical Avian Medicine: (GJ Harrison, TL Lightfoot, (editors); 2009.
Available:www.clinicalavainmedicine,com
Campbell TW, Coles EH. Avian Clinical Pathology, Fourth edition. W.B Sanders Company Philadelphia. 1986;279-296.
Juul-Madsen HR, Viertlboeck B, Smith AL, Gobel TWF. Avain immunology, saunders elsevier, Missouri. 2008;129-158.
Latimer KS, Bienzie D. Determination and interpretation of the AvainLeukogram. In: Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. (BF Feldman, JG Zinkl, NC Jain, editors). Lippincott William and Willikins, Philadelphia, USA. 2000;417-432.
Sharma SL, Singh P, Patil AK, Sharma J. Effect of feeding compressed complete feed block containing sugar meal on blood biochemical profile of crossbred calves. Journal of Animal Research. 2015; 5(3):575.
Huff G, Huff W, Rath N, Anthony N, Nestor K. Effects of Escherichia coli challenge and transport stress on hematology and serum chemistry values of three genetic lines of turkeys. Poultry Science. 2008;87(11): 2234-2241.
Meluzzi A, Primiceri G, Giordani R, Fabris G. Determination of blood constituents reference values in broilers. Poultry Science. 1992;71(2):337–345.
Makama RS, Onimisi PA, Afolayan M. Apparent nutrient digestibility, liver function indices and lipid profile of broiler chickens fed raw and boiled sickle pod (Senna obtusifolia) seed meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 2021;23(2):207-212.
Fischbatch FT, Dunning MB. A manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests.Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009.
Esubonteng OKA. An assessment of the effect of Moringaolifera leaf powder as a nutritional supplement in the diet. Kumasi Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; 2011.
Ambrosy AP, Dunn TP, Heidenreich PA. Effect of minor liver function test abnormalities and values within the normal range of survival in heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2015; 115(7):938-941.
Wiki Vet; 2012.
Available:https:/en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Chicken_Biochemistry&oldid=140035
Cernecky C, Berger B. Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science; 2008.
Clinical diagnostic division. Veterinary reference guide. Rochester: Eastman Kodak Company; 1990.
Ibrahim A, Aliyu J, Abdu M, Hassan A. Effects of age and sex on serum biochemistry values of turkeys (Meleagrisgalloparo) reared in the semi-arid environment of Nigeria. World Applied Science Journal. 2012;16(3):433–436.
Ugbogo AE, Okezie E, Ijioma SN. Introducing Biochemistry practical by Justman Publishers International. 2017; 143–202.
Harr KE. Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: A review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2002;31(3):140-151.
Neuvonen PJ, Kuusisto P, Vapaatalo H, Manninen V. Activated charcoal in the treatment of hypercholerolaemia: Dose- response relationships and comparison with cholestyramine. European Journal of Chemical Pharmacology. 1989;37: 225-230.
Shabani A, Dastar B, Khomeiri M, Shabanpour B, Hassani S. Response of broiler chickens to different levels of nanozeolite during experimental aflatoxicosis. Journal of Biological Science. 2010;10(4):362-367.
Dim C E, Akuru E A, Egom MA, Nnajofor N W, Ossai OK, Ukaigwe CG, Onyimonyi AE. Effect of dietary inclusion of biochar on growth performance, haematology and serum lipid profile of broiler birds. Agro Science. 2018;17(2):8-16.
Roosdiana A, Vidiastuti D, Herenda H. The preventive effect of activated charcoal on HDL levels and aorta histopathological profiles in hypecholesterol rat models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019;1374:012029.
Davis. Atherosclerosis an inflammatory process. Journal of Insur Medicine. 2005; 37:72.
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